Roman Imperium

Traditional-ye, kalmos Roman Imperium id politic regime creet ab Augustus in -27 tiel id fin ios Roman Occident Imperium in 476, esdi id Roman Orient Imperium nadurit in Constantinople sub id forme ios Rhomay Imperium tiel 1453, ed hatta buit un rhomay cesar in Trapezunta tiel 1461.

Opsst-ye, id nam ios preter nagor, Roma in Latin, eet nuden kay kyuses id hol imperium, pre id nam Romania prohp ye id Vt secule.

Id Roman Imperium sub Hadrian, samt id tolp iom roman legions.

Id territorial extense

Id territorial extense quod id Roman Imperium skeipt est id product iom krigs. Sub id Roman Respublic, ex id IIIto do id 1sto secule, hant khaliban concernt ia vetus civilisen lands ios Mediomar peripheria. Dind, tadrijan, se hant extens inland do Medium ed West Europe, ka un gwayt quod iskwit neutralise - per integration - ia folks qua miegh ses dangereus.

Tod strategia nact sien limites ye id medium ios IIt secule pos JC : id Imperio ne hat ia wassilas kay se naextende aunfin ed ia cultural models gnohn in id mediomarmund bihnt stets minter efficient quan id natural ed menscen milieu biht alyo. Circum 130, Cesar Hadrian daht ka wahid mission ei askar id defense iom grancen (limes) uns extense quod oistrehct ex id Purat, in Suria, do id Rhen ed id synor Albas.

Busto sculpen unte eyso jumiung os Cesar Hadrian (Latin: Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 76-138), qui buit cesar ex 117a do 138. Member ios Ulpii-Aelii dynastia, is buit is trit iom penk sell cesars, tem quem is dwoto cesar ex Espania. Is kwit med sien styohrga pro Stoicisme ed Epikwrisme.

Id politic entitat

Quayque, kam habmos sayct, Historians neude id wekwos Roman Imperium pro id Imperium ex -27a tiel 476, sont lakin pauka commun points inter id inkapsysteme, id Uber Imperium (ex id 1sto secule pre JC tiel id IIIt secule nosters era) ed id regime gnoht ka Niter Imperium (IVt ed Vt secules).

Id adgumt ios Imperyios ne sib daht id aspect uns revolution, sontern unios merios reforme ios Respublic. Augustus, samt id samstehmen ios Senat, cumulet ia maghs quasi-wiswen prever respublican magistrats, plus id imperium, id militar supreme commande quod ei confert eys titule imperator, ed is fanght id waldh uper ia provinces. Id Senat conservet albatta sieno moral prestige, bet id neti behandt efficienta zariyas pro deuysihes id imperial vol. Abuses ed id effrenat exploitation iom krigen lands bihnt tayna med administration.

Aysen bust os Cesaro Trajan unte eyso jumiung (Latin : Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 53-117), qui regnit ex 98o do 117. Buit is prest roman cesar ois un familia pact in un province, yed tod eet in druve os Italian atavia ed hieb emigren do Baetica. Hat remant in historiographia ka is "sellst iom roman cesars". Pos Domitians regne ed id fin ios Flavii dynastia, Nervas corto regne ed bilhassa tod os Trajan nischane id sul ios dynastia saygen "Antonini".

Id Uber Imperium (1sto secule pre JC - IIIt secule pos JC)

Id Roman Imperium est neid monarchia : is cesar biht tid-ye reinvestihto do magh ed, quayque is poitt kyuses quomlibt successor, id hereditatsprabhil ne est dikspagen. Augustus presentet seswo ka is prest person ios Respublic, is princeps, quetos id nam Principat dahn yando ei Uber Imperium.

Kam id se organiset, sub Augustus ed eys successors, id Imperium swekwehrt dwo secules om prosperitat ed pace ad sien vast waldh : est id fameus Pax romana. Multipliend ia urben creations, ijabend genereus-ye id titule os roman civ ibs provincial elites, id Imperium constituet tadrijan un urand ed decentralisen entitat, quer, sub id tutele ios imperial magh ed id symbolic suprematia os Rome, centens om autonom citads wanact ab ir notablens waldhe seswo. Uniet ab un commun hellen-roman Culture quod fundt id roman brinegh ed id Hellenistic heritage, un cosmopolit diregend classe dadwt un qualitatspersonel : ye id IIt secule, cesaro Trajan est un Roman ex Espania; ye id IIIt secule, ies Severi gwehme ex Africa we Suria.

Id periode iom Antonini (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus), ex 96 do 192, nischant id apogee ios Uber Imperium, bet iro brilliant kamyab masct sem sliebes. In uno mund aun technic Innovationo ni crosct, economic prosperitat keiht ep fragil bases. Id ischbat ideal os stabilitat, id auncondition reference ei Esthetique ex id hellen classicisme arehge ia germens uns cultural forwehsa. Bad, id politic tula remant product uns ambigu compromiss : ne sont clar successionsprabhils ei Imperium; id decision dependt un vanscht consensus inter id vol ios defunct cesar, id mayno ios Senat ed id samstehmen ios armee. Senter, reducneuto do defensive actions pon ids mission se limitet ei defense iom grancen, risct bihe tenten, kam unte id fin ios Respublic, ab intervene do id politic leik.

In roman historia keipt el ornd id symbol ios magh os Rome, ios cesar ed ios Imperium. Icon os Juppiter, pater vasyen divs, tod identificit id suprematia ios roman cesar ka sirdar ed Pontifex Maximus.

Pos id pehden ios Roman Imperium, el (oin- au dwicap) ornd buit nudt ab i megstens souverains os Historia qui sohgneer os recupere id klewos iom antique cesars ed os retrehve id megdos ios Roman Imperium. Pon Charlemagne, el ornd wehsneut in ia vapwns iom major europay dynastias (ed ne tik, kam mathalan ka symbol iom Uniet Stats os America).

Tod sculpture (levi) em ornd ed armes est un part uns tumbh trohft in id rurvilla os General Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (-64 / 8 pos JC) ed shayad ornit id uber part uns rectangular marmor podstol arehgend eys kenisgrabh.

Id crise ios roman Imperium

Ab 193, id magh pehdt inter ia ghesors iom generals, ed id Principat, con iens Severi, se transformet do un genis militar monarchia. Id drift graverasct pos 235, id crehscend waurg iom barbar folks protiev id Rhen ed Danube limes accentuend id rol ios armee. Ex 235 do 284, ies generals weighe mutu po id magh, mergend id Imperium do id "militar anarchia". Usurpations ed badva multiplient-se, ies cesars succedde mutu, udwaldhen unte oik munts ed nicen in katu quando ne bihnt assassint ab ir soldats. I German barbars dwinghe id limes, harbe Gallia, Espania ed menace Rome.

Aysen pieng os Diocletianus, pregen in Trier in 300-301. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (245-313) buit cesar ex 284 do 305; buit is presto cesar qui abdicit voluntar-ye.

Id Niter Imperium (IVt-Vt secules)

Aurdhen buit repagen ab un energic soldat, Diocletianus (284-305), bet id Stat is reorganiset neti samkwehct tod iom Antonini. Ruinet, depopulet, belaghert ab i Barbars, id restauren Imperium os Niter Antiquitat (id Niter Imperium) hat biht, samt sien diviniset souverain, un centraliset ed bureaucratiset absolut monarchia, mobiliset pro sien defense hina impones dwineghs comparable tibs iom moderne totalitair Stats. Ja, Diocletianus consciet oin wir khact swekwehre ids wanakia ed is oiskizzet un divisionsplan inter Occident ed Orient : Rome leust sien status os "mundnagor". Pos iom, Constatinus (312-337) restabliet unitat, bet creet in Orient un nov nagor, Constantinople (330), ed paursct in Christianisme id ideologia reconstructil uno moral cohesion. Esdi is kwecto kamyapt, id sprehngen ios Roman Imperium vitengiet lakin-ye nevergible. In 395, pos id mohrt os Theodosius, id graverascen ios barbar menace duct do id definitive division do dwo distincta Stats : ia Occident ed Orient Imperia.

Ye id Vt secule, id Occident Imperium biht uperlaht ab ia Folkenmigrations. Rome biht plunder ab i Wisigothens in 410. Ies barbari roys deile id territorium inter se. In 476, un Germanic teution, Audowaker, yeist tsay do Constantinople ia imperial ornements os Occident. Etileikwt ex id immense menghia xiawngja creet ab Rome tik id oriental part, id futurum Rhomay Imperium centren ep Constantinople.

In Occident, quer inkapt Mediev, id mehmen quod siet reste de id Roman Imperium niet ses tod, myohrst, ios Uber Imperium ed ios pax romana, sontern id image ios monarchic, militar ed christianios Niter Imperium : Constantinus, ne Augustus.