Id lexis nationalisme buit creen sert-ye (in-kap XIXt secule). Kyeust un doctrine isnahnd id national fact ed aynd id nation id fundamental conhesionselement os societat.
Id concept nation est uno moderne dayi. In Mediev, id khisses os bayghe un communitat eet kwaht, auter ye id meg reducen scal ios village, ios dal quer anghen gwivit, au abstracter-ye ed meg plaut-ye, ye id religieus nivell (christiandem). Id fact os ses subject solgios swamen, talgios roy ne eet kafi kay sules particular solidaritats ed, dar minter, id recognition uns commun origin.
Pos id Renaissance, dynastic Stats oiskeipe, ed, hohlpt ab id drucken, commun menmodus ed linguistic usages inkape antslehnke : wardht tun, baygh lent-ye, uno "national conscience". Lakin, tiel id XVIIIt secule, to remant meis id allegence dia un roy, idghi bayghen os un Stat, quem id khisses os ses part uns folk. Id diversitat iom swohds ed iom popular bahmens, id difficultat iom communications favorise id manteino iom local particularismen.
In id druna ios XVIIIt secule ed eni id adib elite se diffundt id logos de id nation. Inkaptos, dwo antithetic definitions se sbringhe ed ia wakyas ios Franceois Revolution, yugen ei affirmation os romantisme, kyunggiawe ir differences.
In Januar 1789, id script os Abbat Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat ? Tout. Que veut-il devenir ? Quelque chose gnoht un immense success. Deputeit ios Tertios Stat in ia Stat-Generals, Sieyès keupt id oineihsa iom tri ordens ed redact id texte ios Jeu-de-Paume oit. Partisan uns constitutional monarchia, deputeit in id Convention (1792), seddt in id centre, bet votet pro id nehc ios roy. Electo do iens Cinq-Cents, quom perodhsedd is biht, Sieyès est taukilen Director in mai 1799. Revidskwnd id Constitution do un sense ryowkhowo dia id executive, paursct un "saber" ed vicheust Bonaparte. Bet, oins kun id coup-d'etat iom 18 ed 19 brumaire anno VIII buit forfact, so - qui beuwt Sieyès un rlinji dwot consul - transformet ye sien brungos id Constitution redact ab iom prever abbat.
Id franceois conception ios Nation[]
Id franceois au subjective conception ios Nation, ois id philosophia iom Lumens, keiht ep id vol os bayghen, os association. Ja, id conscience os ses part uns land ed os habe id rect os ses id active-ye, ka quasi-civ ed ne tik ka subject uns monarch hieb lyt ed lyt anslohnken yant id XVIIt secule. In 1789, in Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat ?,Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès definihsit id nation ka "un corps associeiten gwivend sub un commun loy ed representet ab id sam legislature". Lit de explie id existence ios land als quem per id vol im monarchen. Men est id definition dahn ab Ernest Renan in 1882 in eys profession os fid Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ? quod meis-ye suadefineiht id nation à la française. Kam pro Fichte, id historic context obkwehct decisive : pos id annexion os Elsas-Lothringia in 1871, id fact od Elsaissers ed Lothrings hant "remanskwn uniet ei franceois land" nespekent ir linguistic prokwtat im Deutschims hat ghabihn Renan id importance ios vol ed id naudh os un certain historia. Hat also insist id "desire os comgwive" declarend od id "existence unios nation est un cadadien plebiscite".
"Id nation exist pre quant, est quaten origin, ids vol est semper legal; est idpet loy", scripsit Abbat Sieyès. Tod definition se refert nei raudh, nei commun atavic kweit : id nation est contractual, skipen ab qui gwivskwnt samt ia sam loys, quakwe bih ir origins, religion, gnahsaloc. Id concept joint it id veut monarchic tradition ios "swolrect", quod eebeuwt subject ios roy cada gospoti gnahvs eni ia limits ios roydem.
Id deutsch conception ed nationalisme[]
Ye id sam zaman, un different acception biht sbrighen in Deutschland, ab id wehrg os Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803, levter portrait), sammel philolog ed philosoph. Beuwt id nation uno "natural communitat", entren med id gnahsa, un ethnic grupp quos enraudhen wardht eni un atavic territorium ed quos identitat biht recogniht med un bahsa, traditions, un culture, quo Herder descript ka "folksment" (Volksgeist).
Nationalisme salct id deutsch version ios dayi nation, consequence ios project os Napoleon Ist os construge un Europe focust ep France : id napoleonian deursia biht kwaht ab ia krigen nations ka id uperwaldhen ab un tarnien stieure. Id national khisses wardht in id isguro resistence im Espaniols yant 1808, in id general ubstand im Deutschen in 1813, preparet ab ia Reden an die deutsche Nation os Fichte (1762-1814). Pos 1815 ed id tentative reconstruction ab Napoleons victors ios Europe iom monarchias aun bespehce ia folken aspirations, id biht politic formulation ed smyehrt id revolutionar action. Ter wehst uno major ambiguitat : id franceois dayi os nation identifiet ei souverain popule im revolutionars, inseparable ud id contestation os absolutisme, blandt-se ei ethnic ed cultural acception bohrt ab id deutsch romantisme, hina smehlde do un sam project, in Central Europe, id vol os politic ed social emancipation, ed id independence mutalba ios Nationstat. Ia movments os 1848 schahident to, endangernd id osterreichisch multiethnic monarchia, lyeigend ia bases iom deutsch ed Italian unitats sult ep ia herdersk linguistic ed historic criteria. Unte preter dwo tridels ios XIXt secule, id affirmation iom nationalitat est part ios revolutionar liquidation iom europay "awen regimes".
Ia nationaliste drifts[]
Rar sont ye tod zaman ies mentors quoy discerne ia perverse risks iom nationaliste ideologias ed quoy, vain-ye, wareihnt : lord Acton (1834-1902), qui vidt in nationalisme un retroreiken, is socialiste Proudhon (1809-1865), is historian Renan (1823-1892, portrait herender) pro quom id future est un "europay confederation". Hois, id mutalba os ethnic nationalisme ghehdt ses definihn tik protiev alya nations; ciois, oins kun independence est nact, nationalisme volt ses unificator ed ne toleret ia minoritats qua dehlgent se integre volt ne volt; bad, ex revolutionar, biht semper conservator, ob est meg hantet ab id baysa om decadence ed tarnien invasion (aggression au immigration). Adbehrt peindia, xenophobia, quage adduce exclusion ed weir.
Ed, destull plaut-ye, bo mund weirs sont id product os nationalisme. Aun ia nationaliste haines, id diplomatic imbroglio os liento 1914 ne habiet adducen id dekhschatic gvonia quod durit tiel 1918. Wardhend poskwo aun reserve do id logique "oino nation, oin Stat", id 1919 Versailles traiteito deidreupt Europe ed multipliet ia minoritaten problemes. Deught un nov explosion iom aggressive nationalismen quod wehrt, in Deutschland con id nationalsocialisme, do racisme, provoquend Mund Weir Dwo in 1939, ed crimes tem monstrueus quem id extermination im yudis ed im cigans.
Id sbeuden iom nationalismen[]
Sei id existence ios nationaliste khisses est indenegable, id tehrpt bihe relativisen ed ghaben ka esend semper id product uns historia quod ud mythifie tehrbmos nos behrge. Romantisme hat invent sem origins, hat vis ethnic raudhs quer eet tik serto diffusion om cultural models. Tod irrational proschgumt hat piwen ia drifts os racisme qua keihnt ep neid historic ni scientific base.
Pos Mund Weir Dwo, nationalisme hat subihn un long eclipse in Europe, covohrn in id Eust ab id uniformisator fangh os Sovietsk communisme, concurrencen in id West ab id emergence ios Europay Dayi. Id long Economic crise ios end ios XXt secule, id collapse os communisme ed id disqualification iom revolutionar ideologias hant stayg protiebudt id, disloquend, in-kap ia 1990tias, id ex-Union iom Sovietsken Socialiste Respublics (USSR), brehgend id chekhoslovak unitat menxu id sprehngen os Yugoslavia hat brutal-ye mehmihn do qua excessa om horror ed absurd id ghohd duce. Hat gohnen in ia veuta Stats os West Europe regionaliste mutalbas prompt ad recurre terrorisme (Nord Erin, Euskadi) ed reprehpihn xenophobe, sonst raciste extreme-dexter trends (belgo Flandren).
Id experience in-kap id XXt secule dehlct vigilantihes. Id internationalisation iom economic ed cultural exchangen, id extension iom democratic praxis sont ia gohdst antidotes contra id nationaliste swocomstrehbhen. Future ne sessiet pro "teutmenos", sontern pro id skeipen om mier politic ensembles, muadeb dia ia particularismes qua seule id national conscience, in conformitat con preter (ed druv) definition os nation, tod os 1789. In tod sense, id politic concretascen ios Europay Union maght bihe uno model.