Europay Union

Id Europay Union ("EU") est un jamiya ex 27 memberstats. Exter Europe id EU ambghehrdt yaschi oiks iren ultramar territoria in Africa ed Sudamerica. Strehct unte un 4,2 millions om km² platu territorium, est befolken ab meis quem 443 millions weikern, ed esti tienxia dwot economic augos dayir nominal BIP apter ia Uniet Stats os America. Id EU xeiht un swobodo dikspersonalitat ed yinjier observations- ed wekwosrect bi ia Uniet Nations.

Nundiens in id EU sont 24 bahsas recognihn ka official bahsas ios Europay Union, quommed vasya EU organs poitte bihe wohkwt. Itak, in 2007 ia Gaelic, Bulgar ed Romune, ed in 2013 Horvat bahsas buir recognihn ka nov official bahsas. Ex ta official bahsas sont nuden Englisch, Franceois ed Deutsch ka inner orbatsbahsas, kay facilerihes id preten inter i collaborators iom europay institutions.

Id prabhil ios institutional tula ios Union

Ia EU institutions buir sulen ep un logique os functional separation. Neghi leitti de un total reproduction ios maghenseparation existend in un democratic Stat. Ar ielg EU institution representet un legitimitat : id EU Commission est id integrative legitimitat, wehrgend med consensus ed independent ud ia Memberstats; id Concil ios Union est id statal logique ed id EU Parlamento materialiset id democratic logique. Also xeihti ielg tom institutions sem tributions ed id Traiteito de Europay Union suadeict, in sien Article 13§2, od ielg institution act unte ia limites iom tributions qua ibs sont confern. Yinjier, id Commission posseddt id initiative iom normes ed controlt kathalika id respect os EU ieus ab ia Memberstats. Id Concil ed id Parlament votent textes sekwent diversa proceddures ed majoritats. Dependend id diksbase present in ia traiteits quod sessiet walt kay wides un xisey, ia votenmodalitats ed id participation ios EU Parlament sessient different. Id EU Curt os Justice dehlcti preserve tod tula ed controle id cheus ios diksbase. Bet tod tula trendti bihe rencauset ab dwo evolutions. Hois, ob id crehscend responsibilitat ios Commission ant id Europay Parlament, senter se politiset ed leitti dalgtro ud sien tienjien conception, quod consist uperghehldihes id interesse ios Union. Ciois, id intergouvernemental logique biht etikardwnen med id consecration ios Europay Concil ka institution ab id LIsboa Traiteit ed id recognition ibs national parlaments uns control ios subsidiaritat.

Charles Michel (gnaht in Namur in 1975) buit Belgias Premier ex october 2014 do October 2019 pre bihe President ios Europay Concil dien 1sto December 2019.

Id Europay Concil

Id Europay Concil samghat i raysens ed waldhions iom EU Memberstats, el President ios EU Commission ed el Hog Representer ios Union pro Gospoti Res. Organ creet in 1974, buit promoven do institution ab id 2009 Lisboa Traiteit (Art.13§1 ios TEU). Id Europay Concil daht ei Union ia impulses necessar idsi antslehnken ed defineiht idsa general politic orientations. Wehrcti daydey med consensus, men ye qualifiet majoritat pro id cheus al futur Commissionspresident ed pro id definition iom formations ios EU Concil. Id decision os samghate un Intergouvernemental Conference biht emto med majoritat.

Ye id termin os ielg sienen samghats, id Europay Concil panct un report id yeist ei Parlament. Estschi incubht anances ielg yar un script report dayir ia progressa tyict ab id Union. Id Europay Concil ne hat id magh os eme decisions creend un dikseffect pro id Union, ed idsa decisions ne gwehme ender id competence ios EU Curt os Justice. Kay bihe applicable, id samstehmen sbright in id Concil per consensus dehlcti bihe consecret med un formell decision, widen kemti ia bewehkwens ios traiteit, ab id Concil ios Europay Union quod est id saul quod poitt edice diksacts.

Is President ios Europay Concil est is Belg Charles Michel pon dien 1sto December 2019. Is hat ka magno tasko facilihes cohesion ed consensus eni id Europay Concil. Eti, swekwehre id extro representation ios Union pro ia matiers gwehmend ender id commun gospoti ed securitat siyassa.

Ursula von der Leyen (gnaht in 1958 in Ixelles/Elsene, Belgia) est un deutsch politician Presidentin ios EU Commission pon dien 1sto December 2019. Inter 2003 ed 2005 buit ia nitersaxona ministerin pro social, gwenen, familia ed sanitat res, inter 2005 ed 2009 federal ministerin pro familia, rlaurjiens, gwens ed yuwent, inter 2009 ed 2013 federal ministerin pro orbat ed social ed inter 2013 ed 2019 federal ministerin os defense. Ex November 2010 tiel November 2019 buit ia federal vice-perodhsedd ios Christian-Democrat Union.

Id Europay Commission

Id Europay Commission est un upernational organ skipt ab 27 commissars. Pon id Lisboa Traiteit, oin idsen vice-presidents est el Union Hog Representer pro gospoti res ed securitatsiyassa qual buit betrusen idschi perodhseddia ios Concil im Ministers iom Gospoti Res. Seddend permanent-ye in Bruxelles, id Commission employt circa 23 000 kwehrants. Commissars sont taukilet pon 5 yars ye id termin uns proceddure naudhend id samstehmen al Commissionspresident, iom national gouvernements ed ios Europay Parlament. Ducto taiper ab Ursula von der Leyen elect in 2019 ed divis do general directions, id Commission est un collegial organ quos decisions bihnt widen ab minst-ye 14 im 27 commissars. Elaboret ia xiseyprojects qua sessient widt per codecision ab id Concil ed id Parlament, establiet id budgetsbild. Wakht uper id respect iom EU reuls ed representet id "commun interesse" ios Union.

El President ios EU Commission est nel waldhion, esdi se enderkweit ud alter commissars. Lakin, tod bungos es president ne hat stopen bihe kardwnen in id druna iom yars. Nuntos defineiht el ia politic orientations ios Commission. El porct id politic programme ios Commission ant id EU Parlament. Ed decidti de id daysa im EU agents inter ia general directions, defineihti ia competences es ielgem commissar ed taukilet i vice-presidents alyens quem el Hog Representer pro Gospoti Res ed id Securitat Siyassa. Nuntos, el poitt demande uni commissar istife. Yed id Commission semper wehrcti collegial-ye; ye id werden os Article 250 ios traiteitios de id functionment ios EU, ia deliberations ios Commission bihnt hassilet med id majoritat idsen membern. Id taukile ios EU Commission obedeiht kathalika un sonterproceddure.

Id "Berlaymont" est id sedd ios Europay Commission in Bruxelles, Belgia. Herbehrct ia bureaus ios president ios Commission ed im dwogim-six commissars.

Id Gospoti ed Commun Securitat Siyassa

Id existence menacen contra Europe ed om international tensions hat ducen ia EU Memberstats ad antplehce commun zariyas kay vyiges uper ia megil international strategic tulas. Also, pon id Maastricht Traiteit, id EU enoverneut un Gospoti ed Commun Securitat Siyassa (GCSS). Ids objectives definihna in Article 21 ios Traiteitios de Europay Union, sont besonters id preservation os pace, id prevention iom conflicts ed id kardwnen os international securitat, kemti ia ziels ed dasturs ios Uniet Nations Charta. Eti, kay kardwne sien actionszariyas in id xeimen om securitat ed defense, id Union hat-se beghaben, pon id Nice Traiteit, samt un europay siyassa om securitat ed defense (ESSD) quod skeipt it id aspect ios GCSS consecret ibs questions os securitat.

De GCSS, id decisionsdasturo remant unanimitat.

Id visibilitatsmank ios Europay Union expliet id creation ab id Lisboa Traiteit ios wals es Hog Representer ios Union pro Gospoti Res ed id Securitat Siyassa. Taukilet ye qualifiet majoritat ab id Europay Concil, samt id samstehmen al President ios Commission, el Hog Representer esti submitten, kam cada Member ios Commission, ei approbationsvote ios EU Parlament. In fall os weiden uns distrust motion contra id Commission, el Hog Representer ios Union istifet ex sien bungos es member ios Commission. Bet tik id Europay Concil deht un fin elsi amt es Hog Representer : In fall os voluntar istifa, os istifa ex officio au os decess, el Hog Representer ios Union pro Gospoti Res ed Securitat Siyassa bihti tayt, pro id reste ios amtsduren, kemti Article 18§1 ios TEU. (Art. 246 ios TFEU)

Dien 2 Jul 2019, id Europay Concil hat kyust iom Espaniol Josep Borrell kay succedde iam Italian Federica Mogherini ed iam Britisch Catherine Ashton. Nespekent ta quant evolutions, id GCSS remant plaut-ye dominen ab id intergouvernemental logique.

Josep Borrell i Fontelles (gnahn in la Pobla de Segur in 1947) est un catalan politic militant ios Espaniol Socialiste Orbaternpartise, qui buit perodhsedd ios Europay Parlament inter 2004 ed 2007, Espaniol Minister pro Gospoti Res, Europay Union ed Cooperation inter 2018 ed 2019, ed Hog Representer ios Europay Union pro Gospoti Res ed Securitat Siyassa pon dien 1sto December 2019.

Id Regionen Comitee

Creen ab id Maastricht traiteit, tod nov organ consecret id recognition ios place iom territorial collectivitats in id institutionalo leiko ios Union. Compost ex 350 representers iom regions ed iom local collectivitats - majoritat ye local ed regional elects -, id Comitee biht wajib-ye consultet ep penk dossiers os major ahammiyat pro regions : education, sanitat, transeuropay netwehrgs (transports in id Europay Union, telecommunications, energia), culture, economic ed social cohesion. Id poitti yaschi, ex sien wi initiative, dahe uno mayn de alya siyassas. Id Comitee seddt in Bruxelles.

Id Europay Flago consist dwodem golden penkwak stars ep azur aptergrund. Id Concil os Europe wid tod flag in 1955, quod buit emto tsay ab id Europay Communitat in 1986. Nundiens est bilhassa gnohn ka symbol ios Europay Union. Id numer staren, dwodem, est traditional-ye un symbol om perfection, vafat ed unitat. Mer-ye kjiawxieng hat id correspons inter sien weiden ab id Europay Communitat ed id eustroplauterascen in 1995 id numer iom memberstats ios EC, ed hat remant poskwo nechangen.

Id inner mercat ed ia concurrence reuls

Id commune mercat, kalt in 1993 wahid au inner mercat kay kyunggiawe id disparition vasyen inner barriers, keiht ep id leudher gwahsa prabhil : tod eet previden yant 1957 ab id Rome Traiteito tem pro tovars quem pro services, capitals ed anghens bet, in ia facts, ids enplacen hieb tyohct jaldi tik pro tovars.

Id leudher kwehlen iom tovars correspondt un tolldesarmament inter Memberstats tem quem id absence os discrimination inter national products ed ta samlik ex alyo memberstat. Un baygh abundant jurisprudence biht tyicen de to ab id Curt os Justice sammel quem id innereuropay torg ed massenconsumm exspiend. Id gnohtst fall est tod sayct ios Creme-de-Cassis os Dijon ios 20 februar 1979 quod hat post id prabhil os mutual recognition iom nationalen legislations.

Mae id commun mercat biht object om enderdeilen ed protectioniste agsa iom Memberstats, concurrence reuls ghehldent direct-ye pro entreprises au xiseynt strict-ye Statsimdadhs. Maimour med respectihes ta different reuls, id Commission behandt plaut maghs qua buir besonters extensa med id fusionenreglament in 1989 ed decentraliset in 2004.

Id concurrence siyassa est kohnst ab sems ka oino iom performantsten ios Union : imponend stets gwaurer ghehldschtrafs, id Commission poitt oblige entreprises ad se restructure we modifie ir pehrnconditions. Pro alyens, id strict bequader iom Statsimdadhs rencauset certain national public services ed ia refuses os fusion entreprisen stambhe id skeipen europayen grupps in stand os drehde tienxia concurrence. Censuren ab id Curt os Justice de plur fusiondossiers in 2003 ed 2004, id Commission hat wohsen slaberiht. Lakin, in mai 2009, inflixit un record ghehldschtraf om 1,06 milliard om euros ei US firma Intel.

Europahymne

Id Europay hymne (pro EU ed id Concil os Europe) est id instrumental version tos principal theme An die Freude ex id sensto movment ios nevt symphonia os Ludwig van Beethoven.

Id solidaritat inter Memberstats

Id Lisboa Traiteit previdt dwo mecanismes os solidaritat im Europays face ia menaces qua vyeige uper ir securitat : id clause sayct "os mutual defense" ed id solidaritatsclause.

- Id clause sayct os "mutual defense" previdt uno militar solidaritat inter ia EU Memberstats. Senters oiskeule khalasse, med quanta zariyas, uno Memberstat hihn ab un armet aggression ep idso territorium. Tod obligation bespehct id neutralisationstradition om certain Stats (Osterreich, Suomi, Erin ed Sveden) ed ne affect id bayghen om Memberstats in id NATO.

Mathalan : Id clause os mutual defense buit invoquet ye id prest ker ab France dien 17 November 2015, sekwos ia attentats ios 15 November in Paris ed Saint-Denis. Id hat diken un oku response ud mult EU lands, presta esend id Uniet Roydem ed Deutschland, sub forme uns logistic stehmen.

- Id solidaritatsclause previdt uno mutual assistance face id ubgumt alyen menacen. Id Union ed ia Memberstats oiskeule khalasse, med quanta zariyas, uno Memberstat victim uns terroriste attaque, unios natural catastrophe au uns desaster os menscorigin (industrial accident, mathalan. Tod solidaritatsclause buit enovert sekwos ia Madrid attentats in Marto 2004.

Id Mont Blanc, in ia Alpes inter France ed Italia, est id EU hogsto ghyor med 4809 meters.

Un stets meis difficil plauterascen

Pon quargim yars, parallel-ye ei europay integration, nov Memberstats jejoineer id EEC dind id EU unte un recurrent tension inter plauterascen ed deuberascen. Id 1993 Copenhaghen Europay Concil hat part-ye mohght solve tod tension defineihnd-ye quar criteria (politic, economic, institutional, assimilationsimkan ios EU) ye-yom kloder dehlct bihe kohnsen ielgo candidature sekwent sien wi merits.

Id adhesionsprocess buit eti tadrijan structuren ambh plur successive phases : recognition ios status os potential candidat, conclusion uns adhesionsplayct, official ananec ios candidature, recognition ios status os candidat, aperture iom negociationstolks divis in 35 sectoral capitels in id quader uns intergouvernemental conference, conclusion ed ratification uns adhesionsplayct. Ia Memberstats sont angh-ye assocyen tei process quos suajinkdousa controlent weidend-ye vasya decisions unanim-ye.

Id distrust expresst ab i EU civs med ia referenda de id project os constitutional traiteit hat bright id Europay Concil ad wides in 2006, un "udnot consens pro id plauterascen" kyunggiawnd uno methodic ed rigoreus vehrten ios perodhiastand ielgios candidatstatios de id integration ios acquis communautaire tem quem de un gohd bespehcen ios assimilationsimkan ios EU. Parallel-ye, ia different existant instruments os assistence ibs candidatslands buir jamiyet do oin nov instrument, id preadhesionsinstrument (PAI).

Pon Horvatskas adhesion in 2013, penk Stats sont official-ye recognihn candidats : Schkiperia, Nord Makedonia, Montenegro, Serbia ed Tyrkia, ed oin est potential : Herceg Bosna.

Id Danube (her pri Visegràd, Magyaria) est id EU longsto sreumen. Dehnt westtos eusttro. Iswehrt ex id Perkunia (Deutschland) sub forme om dwo spruts namt Brigach ed Breg qua seurce ender mont Kandel (1241 m) ed se unient in id varosch Donaueschingen (678 m). Id Danube sreut sudeustworts, unte 2858 km, tiel id Kyehrsen Mar. Est un important international fluvial via, dehnend per 10 lands (Deutschland, Osterreich, Slovakia, Magyaria, Horvatska, Serbia, Romuneia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine) ed quod hat prityohcs in sept alya lands. Sreut pri quar nagors : Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest ed Belgrade.

Ia limites ios europay integration

Present inkaptos, id proposen os cree un commun politic entitat hat incontren akster reticences qua hant dayim hoant id. Id europay project hat semper oscillet inter dwo pau conciliable possibilitats : un federal construction supponend id existence os un significant supranational entitat, au un association om independent Stats ducend, meist-ye uni concertet cooperation, minst-ye ei establiement os un simple leurtorg zone.

Etileikwt woide an senter hypothese neiht necessar-ye, per id de facto unitat id skeipt, uni politic integration. Ye id XIXt secule, id deutsch unitat (1871) hieb ithan inkapen med un tollunion, id Zollverein, ed un rawajunification.

Id 2008 crise ed ia subsequent problemes incontret ab id euro hant cruel-ye kyunggiawt id mank os politic gouvernance ios EU, id saul EU autoritat xeihnd sem decisionsmagh esend id Europay Central Bank, quod managet id euro. Api, un central bank, kay duce un efficient action, naudht uno magh defineihnd un economic siyassa ed actionsmodalitats. Id institution agmon tod rol ne exist. Id Commission est un technocratic organisme composen ex non-elegen kwehrants ed id simili-executive, creen in 2010 ep id base ios Lisboa Traiteit - un president ios Europay Concil ed un Hog Representer pro Gospoti Res -, behandt un representativer quem efficiento magh.

Id realitat ios EU remant un Statenassociation qua, nespekent oik minor souverainitatstyehgvens, naprivilege ir national interesses ed dusaynt uno mutualisation quod, yed, esiet pro Europe uno nehsgheigtel.

In 2012, id Europay Union hat algvt id Pace Nobel Pris. Id EU eet representen in Oslo ab Herman van Rompuy, President ios Europay Concil, José M. Barroso, President ios Europay Commission, ed Martin Schulz, President ios Europay Parlament.

Neid regionalisme skeipt sem ideal model ed hatta id Europay Uniono gnoht importanta difficultats ed ids kjiengowia ghehdiet sem dien bihe renquestionen. Kam ceter organisations, ids beurto dependt ia Stats quom numer naauct. Ielg tom Stats duct uno national siyassa kay wesnihes id definition iom commun siyassas sekwent id interesse id ghehdsiet trage ex to. Solidaritat biht examinen in id regard iom individual brungsen. Eti, exist un grundprobleme inter ia Memberstats bi-sabab ir mege, smulkers denuncend id wanakia om larger Stats qua dustehle ia egalitar clames ud smulkers. Tuntos might bihe daumen kwe druve-ye valt id tem complicato structure id Europay Union skeipt. Tant-ye ob id Europay Uniono ne est meg prihn ab ia populations id comprindt : id biht ghaben ka un normative magh, un superbureaucratia quod xiseyt ielganghens gwit, daughend yando druv dwineghs. Bet, hatta samt defects ed gugheirmens, id europay construction hat permiss transforme europay sibias ed vergihes swesgven weirs. Id wahid rawaj porct eti un stabilitatzone quod hat obkwohct baygh priy unte id 2008-2009 mundfinancen crise. Yed, id functionment ios organisationios naudhiet bihe iter bemohnen iaghi structures neti sont adapten. Id mank uns commun gouvernement biht kaegi inter wahid rawaj ed massive makrousias.

Id Lammefjord in Audebo, ep Danmarks magn insule Sjaelland, est id EU ghemst point, samt - 7,5 m ender marnivell. Tod pumpestation teurst tod plor gaissen protie wedor.

Id EU Jawarsiyassa kya lands qua nient accedde id

In id Mediomar iklime, id cooperationo kneigvt ep id euro-mediomar schirkat lancet in Barcelona in 1995 kay establie un climat om trust ed dialogos inter id EU ed 10 Stats om Sud ed Eust Mediomar. Ia prioritats sont : id Sud-Sud integration; id consolidation om democratia ed Rectstat; id interconnexion iom infrastructures; ambient; justice ed innerstat affaires; commerce ed socio-economic antslehnken. In id continuitat ios Barcelona process dehlct id Union pro id Mediomaro khaliban identifie, beorbate, promove ed coordine technic projects. Ia zielen sectors sonti transports, energia, wed, protection os ambient. Id social ed cultural sector betrehft superior talim ed mobilitat, paursken, social affaires, gwenen emancipation, employ ed commercial antslehnken, quantum affectet id gwit im civs.

Id Europay Jawarsiyassa wardht kathalika in id stand ios Union dayir id pace process in Mediorient : un dwo-Staten solution udbidt ab ia concernen Stats samt un viable, contigu, independent ed souverain Palestini Stat existend nieb un Israel samt yakin ed recogniht grances. Id EU swekwehrt ithan id coherence inter ia actionsplans pro Israel ed pro id Palestini Autoritat, kay encourage id dialogos inter ta partners.

Polauror uper Nuorgam. Tod weik, prokwem id grance con Norge, est id nordst point om bo Suomi ed EU. Tienxia nordst land, Gronland, esend sub dansko souverainitat, ne est includen in id EU territorium.

Id skeipen uns vanguardia om Memberstats, in rupture ud id quader iom 27

Id dayi uns kaurd eten om Memberstats buit deht perodh ye id prest ker in 1994 ab dwo deutsch Christian-democrat liders, Karl Laumers ed Wolfgang Schäuble, quoy propos od un grupp om penk lands (ia Benelux lands, France ed Deutschland) kardwne ir cooperation ab id wahid rawaj ed se beghabe samt un commun Constitution os federal inspiration. Id concepto buit relancen ab rjienbwutsens kam Jacques Delors (qui se referit uni "vanguardia"), iom deutsch minister iom Gospoti Res Joschka Fischer (qui propos dien 12 Marto 2000 id skeipen uns "gravitatscentre") au iom franceois President ios Respublic Jacques Chirac in eys logos in id Reichstag dien 27 Jun 2001 (proposen os oiskipes un "pionniergrupp").

Ta proposens keihnt ep un sam logique : skipes un grupp Staten parat ad lites dalger do id via ios integration in un plauter actionscamp. Kweitiet it un vanguardia samt akster politic homologhias face un plauter Statencircule satisfacend ia naudhs ios mier mercat. Id politic enderghaben est od un kaurd eten skipt ambh ia dehtormembers iom Communitats, excludend ia nov adherents ios Eust, habiet un criscen seuwgwis.

Tod gwayto stundt protiev un triple objection. Prest-ye, eger moliet ghabe tod Statenvanguardia act eni id quader ios Union, logique impliciet od ta Stats beghabent-se samt specific institutions au proceddures med un sontertraiteit. Api, id superposition om dwo institutional dikssystemes oiskeipiet un element os complication, hatta os confusion. Eti, maght bihe bedwoin an sia meis facil bides oiks quem 27. Ia brehglignes ne leitent tik inter west ed eust os Europe : dayir topics kam id hehlp ibs lands in difficultat ios Eurozone, id bankunion au fiscal harmonisation, opponent tem nordlands ed sudlands quem socialdemocrats ed conservatives. Maght hatta bihe bayn an id kaurd eten ne haba id sam motorforce quem id EU : shayad brungient ia Stats id skeipen uns kaurd eten kay se distance ud id EU-methode ed se beghabe samt intergouvernemental institutions meis muadeb dia ir souverainitat. Fin-ye un talg redehtorgwayt rumpiet con id EU aventure aurghneut pon 1958. Kad id lancen uns vanguardia markiet id start unios nov integrationsdynamique. Yedschi impliciet id skeipen uns cluden Statengrupp cooperend exter id quader ios plauterascus Union samt ka consequence od ia Stats qua ne smyehrient id habient id pondos os wehse in un circule os inferior status. Id europay politic continent quod hieb est reoiniht med id plauterascen bihiet dwisect.

Id Pointe Langevin, ep id franceois insule La Réunion in id Hindi Ocean, est id EU sudst bors, dat plur ultramar dems iom Memberstats sont includen in id EU. To naiwo buit id fall iom Britisch Sud Sandwich insules, tienxia sudsto territorium ploisko Antarctid.

Id skeipen om circules os oispecialiset cooperation

Sekwent un option udwekwnen besonters in 1995 ab Edouard Balladur, franceois premier minister, grupps om Stats esient autorisen ad se jamiye kay profunderihes ir cooperation in specialisen xeimens (defense, fiscalitat, ambient, judicial cooperation). Ta grupps remanient ghyant ei smyehren os cada Memberstat. Id objective ne esiet limitet, kam pro ia kardwnen cooperations, ei weiden ed ei enover om pre-identifien ed leloip-ye blocken acts eni id quader iom 28 : poittient bihe proposen ed widen eni id quader tom grupps, sekwent ia mecanismes previden ab ia traiteits, vasya acts necessar ei tyeicen iom objectives sub reserve irs compatibilitat con ia traiteits. Nekam id dayi "kaurd eten", Europe ne esiet dwiseceto chunke ta circules comprindient different Stats sekwent id cooperationsxeimen.

Un complicat politic systeme

Europay Communitato dind Union seskipeer uno model os politic integration bet anancent baygh-ye complexe institutional structures : id Europay Union establiet in 1993 incorporet id Europay Economic Communitat quod integret id Europay Communitat om Ghiul ed Stal ed id Europay Atomic Energia Communitat ed biht mutanamto do Europay Communitat (EC). Kwiten ka 1st pillar ab id Maastricht Traiteit, id wehrct sekwent supranational mecanismes qua rege ia agrent, regional, transporten, concurrence siyassas. Kay vergihes id phenomen iom "rempent competencen" constaten in id druna iom 1970tias-1980tias, id Maastricht Traiteit hat approben id subsidiaritatsprabhil establiend-ye uno netter daysa iom maghs inter id Union ed ids members : auter id Union poitt wides loy mon edghi hat exclusive competences (tollunion, concurrence ieus, rawaj siyassa pro ia Eurozone lands...), we id xeiht dilt competences (ambient, transports, energia...), we id xeiht tik sprijin au stehmen competences in quod fall id Union intervent tik-ye kay swekwehre un coordination au un financial stehmen iom national siyassas (industrial siyassa, education...). Id Europay Union keiht kathalika ep dwo siyassas, qua hieb est kwit ka 2t ed 3t pillars ab id Masstricht Traiteit, correspondend ia gospoti res tem quem justice ed innerstat res : casu quo, id Union se contentet med swekwehre id coordination iom national siyassas sekwent un intergouvernemental process.

Bilhassa, ei europay construction, quod hat uperlit pon sien start in 1951 ex 6 do 27 Memberstats (28 pre id Brexit), moliet reforme idsa structures kay wehrge correct-ye. Id deuysen ios constitutional traiteit in 2005 hat diken kam dusacceptet hieb est ia successive plauterascens ed id hat obligen ad revide tod ambitieus project : id modificative traiteit buit signet dien 13 December 2007 in Lisboa ye id posdien ios approbation ab id Europay Parlament ios EU-Charta iom Sulrects, bet id buit difficil-ye ratifien ab vasya Memberstats. Idghi Europay Union remant duskamt; id obkwehct pior complexe ed ids action est ops-ye pior chaotic. Also, ia upermakrousia problemes om certain Stats ios Eurozone maghient tem dismehsge id europay construction quem pussire id ad se reforme ed evolve kye federalisme.

Id Britisch UKIP partise (her ids lider Nigel Farage) sib hat udstohmen ud Premier Minister D.Cameron ke muss un referendum dien 23 Jun 2016 de kweter id Uniet Roydem nabayghiet id EU. 52% im Britisch vivoteer pro id "Brexit", quod buit effective dien 1st Februar 2020.

Id democratic deficit

Id democratic deficit, denuncen unte ia 1970tias, ne biht bad udsolven nespekent id election med universal suffrage ios Europay Parlament pon 1976 ed id extension idsen maghs ab 1992. Abstehmia biht ithan stets importanter, guranwnd hatta id "deficit os structural democratia" ios Union sekwent id formule nudt ab id Karlsruhe Constitutional Curt in ids fall ios 30 Jun 2009 consecret ei Lisboa Traiteit. Kam leitiet to als menxu ye id waurmen iom raren referenden muttihn kay ratifie nov traiteits, ia popular cheusa ne bihnt bespohcen ? Hois, id reject ios project os constitutional traiteit ab i Franceois ed Nederlanders ye wer 2005 buit girt med id presentation unios nov traiteit baygh prokwem tod prever; ciois, id nov Traiteit buit approben med parlamentar votes quantloc ploisko Erin; bad, id dansko "no" ei Maastricht traiteit ed ia eireana "nos" ibs Nice ed Lisboa traiteits hant adduct novims referendims pos detail modifications.

Eti, Europe remant pregen ab id absence uns clar politic programme. De facto, ia parlamentar elections wauste ops in un "technic playct" realisen inter i liberals ed i socialistens kay diles inter se id presidence ios hemicycle. To buit iter id fall in 2009 pro id election pro oin pwolamtswakt ios conservative Jerzy Buzek, tayn ab iom socialiste Martin Schulz in 2012. Tod reciprocitatsplayct inter ia dwo principal grupps ios institution hat duct ia ad udnove id amt os José Barroso ka President ios Europay Commission in September 2009.

Id vyige iom Staten skeipt alyum antidemocratic element. Risct bihe stets-ye dusbohrer in ia regions samt akster cultural identitat, hassa kun kwehndent important opnostransfers. Neter catalano ni galego sont EU official bahsas menxu malti hat biht id in 2004.

Catalan independentistes oiswehnge catalan ed europay flags ant ir lider tos zaman, Artur Mas, quantens eiskwnd kem iro region separa-se ex Espania. Lakin, quayque ia EU institutions nel-ye stehme independentismes in ia Memberstats, ta indirect-ye encourage ia meincend-ye id vyige iom national Stats.

Unie-se nerteiht

Okwivid-ye face globalisation ed id crehscend concurrence iom emergent mercats, id efficience pro ia europay nations est meis in union quem in id action in dispohrt aurdens. Estschi kwecto preferable bewaldhe com id probleme os public makrousia, quos antslehnken, bihn dusbohr in plur EU lands, est plaut-ye id resultat ios absence uns commun economic ed financial siyassa quod habiet dohlct hamrahe id creation ios euro.

Id vyige tom realitats maght ithan duce uni progressive federalisation quod betrehviet in prest id Eurozone. Permittiet rehve id EU ex id marasmus quod virisct transforme-se do decline. Corregiet ia negative effects producen ab pior-ye oku plauterascens, qua hant assocyen lands inegal dayir economic au social antslehnken. Kad relanciet un trusto dia id EU quod stets meis forprehpt-se in id opinion, malalen ab ia politic palinodia ed id excessive-ye technocratic functionment ios EU.

Face id renaissance iom "euroskeptic" populiste nationalismen, i EU civs dehlge ghabe od tik id union im dahiet ia zariyas kay defende ir gwitstandard ed ir social hassiles face ia risks inherent ad globalisation.